Hypertonic disease is one of the most common pathologies of the cartic sphere, which is currently diagnosed with every third resident of our 45 -year -old planet. In recent years, the disease has become much younger and now often between the number of patients with hypertension that you can see very high pressure young people. The main danger of the pathological state lies in its complications. GB can lead to a heart attack and stroke, cause the breaking of the aneurysm of the main ships, causes the development of the altered renal function and a strong deterioration of the quality of the vision.
Human blood pressure has a higher heart rate or systolic value, as well as diastolic pressure or its lower renal level. According to WHO standards, the rule of these indicators should not exceed 139/89 mm hg. Art. , Otherwise it is customary to speak of hypertension. Early diagnosis and timely treatment of hypertension: the possibility of a person to prevent the occurrence of pathological changes from many internal organs, which will keep health and enjoy a full life for many years.
Reasons
Unfortunately, modern medical science has not yet been able to completely solve all the probable causes of hypertension, but most of them are known for doctors. To identify which factor has led to the development of the disease, only an expert specialist, who in the diagnosis process uses not only his knowledge, but also the results of numerous studies that confirm or confuse the presence of signs of hypertension in a person.
The main reason for the growth of blood pressure is a violation of the activity of the sympathetic Abreenaline system of a person, that is, the constant irritation of the center responsible for narrowing the vessels in the brain.
This can happen under the influence of numerous exos, as well as endogenous factors that contribute to a sudden cramps of blood vessels.
The symptoms of hypertension may appear in people with exogenous factors thus placed in the risk of developing a pathological state:
- frequent stress and serious nervous tension;
- improper nutrition;
- sedentary lifestyle;
- Irregular work day, work on a night shift;
- regular consumption in large quantities of strong alcohol and smoking;
- drugs;
- Intensive sports.
Among the endogenous factors, the age and poor inheritance come to the fore, when the disease can move from parents to a child. In addition, the development of hypertension contributes to:
- Aterosclerosis vascular lesions;
- obesity;
- Metabolic diseases, in particular, diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism;
- Kidney diseases;
- increased levels of calcium and sodium in the blood;
- Hormonal changes, which are the most common cause of high pressure in women during pregnancy and menopause.
Classification
Currently, there is more than a classification of hypertension. The disease usually stands out for the nature of the course, the presence of complications, the reasons for development, the pressure indicators and much more.
Modern cardiologists distinguish several degrees of hypertension (depending on the high pressure indicators):
- The pressure of 1 degree rises to 159-140/99-90 mm hg. Art. ;
- It is diagnosed 2 degrees on the arrows of a mechanical tometer, a 179-160/109-100 mm RT indicator is diagnosed. Art. ;
- 3 degrees - Persistent or periodic increase in the pressure greater than 180/110 mm Hg. Art.
According to the generally accepted classification of Whos, there are such phases of the disease:
- 1st increase in the transient pressure stadium without damage to the target organs;
- 2 phases - the presence of signs of damage to the internal organs, including the main objective is the heart, blood vessels, eye structures, brain and kidney;
- PHASE 3 - A stable increase in blood pressure against the background of the development of complications, from the manifestations of which a person can die.
Hypertensive disease has its types of currents, including:
- A benign type or a slow GB variant, when the symptoms of the pathology develop very slowly, for tens of years, and the risk of complications is assessed at least;
- A malignant disorder are recorded, in which a strong jump of pressure, target organ injuries and frequent hypertonic crises are recorded (this version of the disease is difficult to lend on drug therapy).
Symptoms
The disease in the initial stages of its development proceeds almost asymptomatic, which complicates its early detection. In such patients, greater pressure can be found by chance when a physical examination is submitted or during the usual admission in the clinic.
A more complex type of hypertension characterizes a series of characteristics that significantly worsen the quality of a person's life and are the reason for his appeal to specialists. The main symptom of the disease is an increase in blood pressure greater than 140/90 mm hg. Art. This condition causes the development of headaches, which are the result of narrowing the reflection of the brain vessels. As a rule, people subject to hypertension complain of the appearance of pain in the neck and temples, which is pulsating, which stands out for their severity and sudden development. These pains and pulsations do not pass after taking analgesic agents.
Hypertension often feels solo dizziness, which can occur after performing a simple job. The symptom is often accompanied by nausea and vomiting, as well as general malaise due to an increase in intracranial pressure. The narrowing of the ship's ships causes noise in the ears when it seems to a person that his ears are very placed, and practically loses his ability to normally perceive the sounds of the environment.
The violation of the coronary blood flow leads to the development of myocardial ischemia. These patients have a lack of breath and rags pains that are good for correction with nitrates. The organ at the moment works in improved mode to be able to push the bang of blood into the narrow trunk pots. Each attack by Angina Pectoris accompanies a rapid impulse, a pronounced heart beat and the risk that such a formidable complication of a pathological state will rise as a myocardial infarction.
With hypertension, the altered eyes of the eyes are determined with a strong deterioration of the vision and the development of angiopathy from hypertension of the retina vessels. The bottom of the eyes is also involved in the pathological process, which swells and tightens the visual nerve. At this moment, a person known "Goosebump" in front of his eyes, dark and the like circles.
A complication of high pressure symptoms in women occurs more often during menopause when menopause occurs. During this period, a hormonal renovation occurs in the body of the weaker sex representative with a violation of the production of biologically active substances that control the normal pressure level. That's why hypertension is the most common consequence of menopause among women.
Complications
GB refers to the number of insidious diseases that are slowly progressing and are often diagnosed in the phase of the appearance of the first complications of the pathological process. With a constant increase in blood pressure in the target organs, dystrophic and sclerotic changes occur, leading to serious functionality disorders. First of all, kidneys, brain, heart, visual analyzer and blood vessels suffer from arterial hypertension.
There are several risk factors that influence the development rate of complications with hypertension and the degree of their gravity:
- bad habits, in particular smoking;
- a sedentary lifestyle and an increase in the body mass index;
- increase in cholesterol in blood and hyperglycemia;
- frequent stress;
- a deficiency of potassium and magnesium in the body;
- age -related changes;
- Hereditary predisposition.
With a hypertensive disease, the heart is forced to work in high load conditions, which is associated with the need to push the blood into restricted vases. Over time, the myocardial wall thickens and in a person there is hypertrophy of the left ventricle and the hunger for oxygen of the heart muscle.
On the side of the heart, different types of complications of hypertension are distinguished:
- ischemic disease;
- Angina Pectoris;
- atherosclerosis of the coronary vessels;
- acute form of heart failure in the form of myocardial infarction;
- Chronic heart failure.
A high level of blood pressure causes the appearance of brain disorders in a person, who in practice are manifested by serious dizziness, headache, ears, reduction of memory and more. There are several options for complex brain complications of hypertension:
- encephalopathy with vestibular disorders;
- ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke;
- Cognitive disorders of brain activity.
As you know, the kidneys control the amount of water and salt in the body. But with an increase in blood pressure, they can fully perform their main work. This contributes to the emergence of a series of complications, including:
- Renal failure;
- violation of the function of filtering and the release of the fluid;
- nephrosclerosis.
These disorders lead to the development of a series of symptoms in hypertension, which indicate a kidney pathology. A sick person begins to complain of general weakness, malaise, emergency, unreasonable nausea.
The defeat of the eyes manifests itself from the occurrence of bleeding in the retina, edema of the optical disc and a progressive loss of vision. On the part of the peripheral vessels with arterial hypertension, the most formidable complication is the stratification of their wall, in particular the well -known aortic aneurysm, which is formed and proceeds asymptomatic, often causing a sudden fatal result.
Diagnostics
La diagnosi di GB con l'istituzione dello stadio e il grado di sviluppo della malattia è un passo importante verso la nomina di un adeguato trattamento della condizione patologica. Ecco perché, quando i primi segni indicano che indicano una malattia ipertensiva, è necessario contattare immediatamente un'istituzione medica per scoprire le cause di aumento della pressione e dei metodi della sua correzione.
A complex of diagnostic measures in case of suspicion of hypertension includes a series of laboratory and instrumental studies, including:
- esame del sangue di laboratorio che ti consente di determinare il livello di potassio e magnesio, creatinina, colesterolo dannoso, glucosio e simili;
- Biochemical examination of the urine with determination of the amount of protein;
- Electrocardiography (ECG);
- Ultrasound examination of the heart;
- Doppler Floometry;
- Inspection of the bottom of the eyes.
The diagnosis procedure for hypertension, which allows you to determine the degree of disorders, consists of two phases:
- Il primo stadio è la determinazione delle manifestazioni cliniche della malattia dalle parole di ipertensione e ottenere i risultati di ulteriori studi;
- Il secondo stadio è uno studio speciale che consente di determinare il grado esatto della malattia e la presenza delle sue complicanze nel paziente usando la terapia di risonanza magnetica (MRI) o l'esame a raggi X.
The daily monitoring of blood pressure allows the accurate picture of the course of the disease. Grazie ad esso, puoi impostare la gamma di fluttuazioni di pressione durante il giorno e determinarne l'indicatore medio, che caratterizzerà il grado di ipertensione. The main disadvantage of this study is its high cost.
Treatment
Il trattamento delle esacerbazioni dell'ipertensione dovrebbe verificarsi in un ospedale cardiologico, dove esiste la possibilità di un controllo costante sul livello di pressione sanguigna. Inoltre, se necessario, il medico può modificare il piano di terapia del paziente e prescrivere farmaci più efficaci in ogni caso clinico specifico.
They begin to treat the disease with the appointment of a special diet, which strictly limits salt dishes, fat and fried food, as well as offal, smoked meats, flour products. Hypertensive diet aims to improve general conditions, preventing the development of Edema, normalization of weight and the like.
According to new European recommendations, the treatment of GB must be complete and must include a series of drugs, whose effect aims to reduce blood pressure and eliminate the risks of transformation of the disease into a malignant version of its course or the development of complications of the pathological state. Among the most used groups of hypertension drugs should be distinguished:
- alpha-blockers;
- Ganglobrators;
- ACE inhibitors;
- beta-blockers;
- Blockers of the football channel;
- diuretics.
The doctor pays particular attention to the appointment of diuretics. The fact is that not all diuretics are safe for the hypertension body due to its properties to wash potassium. This is why the use of these drugs should be combined with the use of potassium preparations under the control of the biochemical composition of the blood. In addition, diuretics not only reduce pressure, but also eliminate the tissue edema by emerging excess sodium.
It is strictly forbidden to treat hypertension independently.
In addition, it is not recommended to use hypotensive drugs of traditional medicine without coordinating this use with the attending physician. The prohibited action, as main contraindication, can cause an urgent hypertensive crisis and the need for the patient's immediate room in a specialized hospital to clarify the causes of complications and solve the problem of further tactics of their elimination.
Prevention
For the prevention of hypertension, it is necessary to undergo a series of measures aimed at timely detection and elimination of the risks of the development of a pathological state, as well as the stabilization of an already increased pressure. In order to prevent the occurrence of the first signs of the disease, a person should normalize his lifestyle, abandon bad habits and the consumption of salt, increase his physical activity and also lose weight. Particular attention should be paid to potential patients in whom the risk of developing hypertension is hereditary. This category of people should always be at hand to measure pressure, with which they can monitor his conditions.
The occurrence of disturbances by blood pressure may be warned if:
- Conducting an active lifestyle (physical medical education, fitness, massage, walks of fresh air, skiing, swimming in the pool) and training regularly in the gym;
- abandon harmful food, smoking and not drinking alcohol;
- reduce the use of salt to 3-4 g per day;
- prohibited to eat foods with a high content of animal fat, preservatives, cholesterol;
- Observe a clear daily routine and practice a complete sleep;
- prevent the aspect of excess fat deposits, which cause obesity;
- prevent stressful situations;
- regularly undergo a preventive exam by a cardiologist and take the necessary tests;
- When the first signs of growing pressure appear, they immediately ask for medical assistance.
The people to whom the tendency to hypertension has been inherited should be careful of their health, play sports and examine regularly. The finite diagnosis of GB implies the observation of the patient dispensary and, if necessary, send them to the commission to establish disability.